The base of most skincare formulations, used to dissolve other ingredients.
Usually helps with
Hydration
Attracts water to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
Usually helps with
Dryness, hydration
Emollient
caprylic/capric triglyceride
A lightweight, non-greasy emollient derived from coconut oil and glycerin that helps to replenish the skin's surface.
Usually helps with
Dryness, softening skin
Emollient
butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter
A rich emollient known for its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.
Usually helps with
Dryness, soothing skin
Watch for
Can be heavy for very oily skin
Emollient/Thickener
behenyl alcohol
A fatty alcohol that helps to thicken the formula and provide a smooth feel on the skin.
Usually helps with
Softening skin
Humectant
xylitylglucoside
A derivative of xylitol that helps improve the skin's moisture barrier and hydration levels.
Usually helps with
Hydration, barrier support
A form of Vitamin B3 that helps improve skin barrier function, reduce inflammation, and minimize the appearance of pores.
Usually helps with
Oiliness, visible pores, uneven tone
Watch for
Can cause flushing or stinging in sensitive individuals
A stable, hydrogenated form of squalene that mimics the skin's natural sebum, providing excellent moisturization and improving elasticity.
Usually helps with
Dryness, hydration, improving elasticity
Thickener/Emulsifier
sodium acrylates copolymer
A synthetic polymer used to thicken formulations and stabilize emulsions.
Usually helps with
Texture enhancement
Peptide
acetyl tetrapeptide-2
A peptide that can help improve skin firmness and elasticity.
Usually helps with
Firmness, anti-aging
Peptide
palmitoyl heptapeptide-27
A peptide that may help to improve the appearance of wrinkles and skin texture.
Usually helps with
Anti-aging, texture improvement
Peptide
palmitoyl oligopeptide-78
A peptide that can support skin's natural collagen production.
Usually helps with
Firmness, anti-aging
Peptide
palmitoyl octapeptide-24
A peptide that may help to improve skin's overall appearance and resilience.
Usually helps with
Skin health, resilience
Preservative
phenoxyethanol
A common preservative used to prevent microbial growth in cosmetic products.
Usually helps with
Product preservation
Watch for
Can be irritating to some individuals
Works with xylitol to enhance skin hydration and barrier function.
Usually helps with
Hydration, barrier support
Humectant/Preservative Booster
1,2-hexanediol
A solvent and humectant that also helps to boost the efficacy of preservatives.
Usually helps with
Hydration, preservation
Watch for
Can be mildly irritating
Emulsifier/Thickener
hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer
A synthetic polymer used to create stable emulsions and thicken formulations.
Usually helps with
Texture enhancement
A sugar alcohol that helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin.
Usually helps with
Hydration
Emulsifier/Skin-Conditioning Agent
lecithin
A phospholipid that helps to stabilize emulsions and can improve skin hydration.
Usually helps with
Emulsification, skin conditioning
Preservative Booster/Skin-Conditioning Agent
ethylhexylglycerin
A synthetic compound used to enhance preservation and improve skin feel.
Usually helps with
Preservation, skin conditioning
A simple sugar that can help attract moisture to the skin.
Usually helps with
Hydration
A component of chamomile oil known for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
Usually helps with
Soothing irritation, redness
Humectant
sodium hyaluronate
The salt form of hyaluronic acid, known for its ability to attract and hold large amounts of water, providing intense hydration.
Usually helps with
Dryness, hydration, plumping skin
Antioxidant/Skin-Conditioning Agent
teprenone
A synthetic antioxidant that may help protect the skin from environmental stressors and improve its resilience.
Usually helps with
Antioxidant protection, skin resilience
Watch for
Limited long-term human studies
A synthetic emulsifier used to blend oil and water-based ingredients.
Usually helps with
Texture enhancement
Watch for
Can be a skin irritant for some
Emulsifier
sorbitan isostearate
An emulsifier used to help mix oil and water ingredients.
Usually helps with
Texture enhancement
Humectant/Preservative Booster
caprylyl glycol
A skin-conditioning agent that also helps to preserve the product.
Usually helps with
Hydration, preservation
Watch for
Can be mildly irritating
Antioxidant
euterpe oleracea fruit extract
Extract from acai berries, rich in antioxidants that help protect the skin from free radical damage.
Usually helps with
Antioxidant protection
Preservative
potassium sorbate
A salt of sorbic acid used as a preservative to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi.
Usually helps with
Product preservation
pH Adjuster/Exfoliant
citric acid
An alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) used to adjust the pH of the formula and can provide mild exfoliation.
Usually helps with
pH balance, mild exfoliation
Watch for
Can increase sun sensitivity
A preservative used to inhibit the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria.
Usually helps with
Product preservation
Exfoliant
lactic acid/glycolic acid copolymer
A combination of AHAs that help to exfoliate the skin, revealing a brighter and smoother complexion.
Usually helps with
Exfoliation, brightening, texture improvement
Watch for
Can cause irritation and increase sun sensitivity
A form of Vitamin E, an antioxidant that helps protect the skin from free radical damage.
Usually helps with
Antioxidant protection
Film Former
polyvinyl alcohol
Forms a film on the skin, which can help to provide a smooth feel and potentially offer some occlusive benefits.
Usually helps with
Texture enhancement
pH Adjuster
sodium hydroxide
Used to adjust the pH of cosmetic formulations to ensure stability and efficacy.
Usually helps with
Product formulation